Contents

• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 Outline
• 2 Analysis & Design
  • 2.1 Analysis
    • 2.1.1 History of UNIX
    • 2.1.2 UNIX Standards
  • 2.2 Design
    • 2.2.1 Communication Principles
    • 2.2.2 The Client/Server Model
    • 2.2.3 Interprocess Communication
    • 2.2.4 Some Definitions
  • 2.3 Summary
• 3 Local IPC
  • 3.1 Signals
  • 3.2 Pipes
  • 3.3 FIFOs (named pipes)
  • 3.4 Stream Pipes
  • 3.5 System V IPC
    • 3.5.1 Message Queues
    • 3.5.2 Semaphores
    • 3.5.3 Shared Memory
    • 3.5.4 System V IPC Problems
  • 3.6 Summary
• 4 Networking Principles
  • 4.1 Switching Techniques
  • 4.2 Message Passing Concepts
  • 4.3 Addressing Issues
    • 4.3.1 Static vs. Dynamic Binding
    • 4.3.2 Global Name Space
    • 4.3.3 Forms of Dynamic Binding
  • 4.4 Data Representation
  • 4.5 Protocols
    • 4.5.1 Advantages of Protocol Layering
    • 4.5.2 Disadvantages of Protocol Layering
    • 4.5.3 Protocol Control Information
  • 4.6 The OSI Seven Layer Reference Model
    • 4.6.1 Application Layer
    • 4.6.2 Presentation Layer
    • 4.6.3 Session Layer
    • 4.6.4 Transport Layer
    • 4.6.5 Network Layer
    • 4.6.6 Data Link Layer
    • 4.6.7 Physical Layer
    • 4.6.8 Criticism of the OSI Reference Model
  • 4.7 Protocol Suites
  • 4.8 Summary
• 5 Networking with TCP/IP
  • 5.1 Overview
  • 5.2 TCP/IP compared to the OSI protocol stack
  • 5.3 History and Goals of TCP/IP
  • 5.4 Internet Addresses
  • 5.5 Port Numbers
  • 5.6 Multiplexing/Demultiplexing
  • 5.7 Internet Protocol
  • 5.8 User Datagram Protocol
  • 5.9 Transmission Control Protocol
  • 5.10 Reliability
    • 5.10.1 Checksums
    • 5.10.2 Handling of Timeouts
  • 5.11 Application Level Services
    • 5.11.1 FTP
    • 5.11.2 TELNET
    • 5.11.3 Rlogin
  • 5.12 UNIX Network Tools
  • 5.13 Summary
• 6 Distributed IPC
  • 6.1 Sockets
    • 6.1.1 Supported Protocols
    • 6.1.2 Connections and Associations
    • 6.1.3 Asymmetry
    • 6.1.4 Socket Types
    • 6.1.5 Basic Socket Function Calls
      • Socket Creation
      • Binding
      • Socket Termination
    • 6.1.6 Connection-oriented Communication
      • Connection Establishment
      • Data Exchange
      • Examples
    • 6.1.7 Connectionless Communication
      • Connection Establishment
      • Data Exchange
      • Examples
    • 6.1.8 Options
    • 6.1.9 Obtaining Local and Remote Socket Addresses
    • 6.1.10 Obtaining and Setting Host Name and Domain
    • 6.1.11 Library Functions
    • 6.1.12 Socket Summary
  • 6.2 Transport Layer Interface
  • 6.3 Remote Procedure Calls
  • 6.4 Summary
• 7 Performance
  • 7.1 Measuring Time
  • 7.2 Principle Overhead of a System Call
  • 7.3 Signals
  • 7.4 Pipes
  • 7.5 FIFOs (named pipes)
  • 7.6 Message Queues
  • 7.7 Semaphores
  • 7.8 Shared Memory
  • 7.9 Sockets
    • 7.9.1 UNIX Domain
    • 7.9.2 Internet Domain: UDP
    • 7.9.3 Internet Domain: TCP
  • 7.10 Transport Layer Interface
  • 7.11 Conclusion
  • 7.12 Summary
• 8 Making Unreliable Communication Reliable
  • 8.1 Lost Messages
  • 8.2 Corrupt Messages
  • 8.3 Duplicate Messages
  • 8.4 Messages out of Order
  • 8.5 Congestion Control
  • 8.6 Fundamental Problem of uncertain Communication
  • 8.7 Implementation
  • 8.8 Summary
• 9 Conclusion
  • 9.1 Results
  • 9.2 Additional IPC Facilities
    • 9.2.1 Memory Mapped I/O
    • 9.2.2 STREAMS
    • 9.2.3 OSF DCE
  • 9.3 Possible Improvements
  • 9.4 The Future of UNIX Communication Facilities
    • 9.4.1 IPng/IPv6
    • 9.4.2 C++ Classes for IPC
  • 9.5 A Final Word
• 10 References
• A Complete Source code
  • A.1 Makefiles
    • A.1.1 Makefile
    • Makefile
    • A.1.2 Makefile.def
    • A.1.3 Makefile.def2
    • A.1.4 Makefile.hpux
    • A.1.5 Makefile.i386
    • A.1.6 Makefile.sparc
  • A.2 Commonly used Subroutines
    • A.2.1 common/Makefile
    • A.2.2 common.h
    • A.2.3 common/catchchildren.c
    • A.2.4 common/clocktimer.h
    • A.2.5 common/clocktimer.c
    • A.2.6 common/cputimer.h
    • A.2.7 common/cputimer.c
    • A.2.8 common/errors.h
    • A.2.9 common/errors.c
    • A.2.10 common/errordekl.c
    • A.2.11 common/measurement.h
    • A.2.12 common/measurement.c
    • A.2.13 common/readdata.c
    • A.2.14 common/readline.c
    • A.2.15 common/readline2.c
    • A.2.16 common/readn.c
    • A.2.17 common/readwritedata.h
    • A.2.18 common/ssleep.c
    • A.2.19 common/synchronize.c
    • A.2.20 common/testerror.c
    • A.2.21 common/writedata.c
    • A.2.22 common/writen.c
  • A.3 Local IPC
    • A.3.1 local/Makefile
    • A.3.2 local/fifoclient.c
    • A.3.3 local/fifoserver.c
    • A.3.4 local/message.c
    • A.3.5 local/namedstreampipe.c
    • A.3.6 local/pipe.c
    • A.3.7 local/semaphore.c
    • A.3.8 local/shared.c
    • A.3.9 local/signal.c
  • A.4 Distributed IPC
    • A.4.1 distSOCKET/Makefile
    • A.4.2 distSOCKET/udpclient.c
    • A.4.3 distSOCKET/udpserver.c
    • A.4.4 distSOCKET/tcpclient.c
    • A.4.5 distSOCKET/tcpserver.c
    • A.4.6 distSOCKET/safesend.c
    • A.4.7 distTLI/Makefile
    • A.4.8 distTLI/udpclient.c
    • A.4.9 distTLI/udpserver.c
    • A.4.10 distTLI/tcpclient.c
    • A.4.11 distTLI/tcpserver.c
    • A.4.12 distTLI/acceptcall.c
  • A.5 Performance
    • A.5.1 performance/Makefile
    • performance/Makefile
    • A.5.2 performance/fifoclient.c
    • A.5.3 performance/fifoserver.c
    • A.5.4 performance/memory.c
    • A.5.5 performance/message.c
    • A.5.6 performance/pipes.c
    • A.5.7 performance/semaphore.c
    • A.5.8 performance/shared.c
    • A.5.9 performance/signaloverhead.c
    • A.5.10 performance/socketlocal.c
    • A.5.11 performance/systemcalloverhead.c
    • A.5.12 performance/tcpsclientoverhead.c
    • A.5.13 performance/tcpsclientthroughput.c
    • A.5.14 performance/tcpsserverconcurrentoverhead.c
    • A.5.15 performance/tcpsserverconcurrent.c
    • A.5.16 performance/timeroverhead.c
    • A.5.17 performance/udps.h
    • A.5.18 performance/udpsclient.c
    • A.5.19 performance/udpsserver.c
  • A.6 Program Environment
    • A.6.1 environment/Makefile
    • A.6.2 environment/confstrtest.c
    • A.6.3 environment/getpipecapacity.c
    • A.6.4 environment/hostadress.c
    • A.6.5 environment/systemtype.c
    • A.6.6 environment/sysconftest.c
    • A.6.7 environment/sysvipclimits.c
  • A.7 Remote Procedure Calls
    • A.7.1 rpc/Makefile
    • A.7.2 rpc/date.x
    • A.7.3 rpc/dateproc.c
    • A.7.4 rpc/rdate.c
• B Additional Information Resources
  • B.1 Internet Request For Comments
  • B.2 Periodicals
  • B.3 Additional Web Pages
• C Glossary
• D Used UNIX System & Library Calls
• E About this Document